Tim D. White 1 , * , Berhane Asfaw 2 , Yonas Beyene 3 , Yohannes Haile-Selassie 4 , C. Owen Lovejoy 5 , Gen Suwa 6 , Giday WoldeGabriel 7 1 Human Evolution Research Center and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 2 Rift Valley Research Service, Post Office Box 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3 Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Authority for Research and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture, Post Office Box 6686, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 4 Department of Physical Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. 5 Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240–0001, USA. 6 The University Museum, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. 7 Earth Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National La